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PSAR
PSAR, is composed of sarcosine (an endogenous amino acid in muscle tissue) and exhibits high water solubility. The methyl-substituted amide groups demonstrate limited affinity for proteins, thereby preventing thrombus formation. The absence of hydrogen bond donors endows PSAR with non-immunogenic properties. Apart from its chain rigidity, PSAR shares polymer characteristics similar to PEG, enabling it to inhibit uptake by macrophages in vivo and prolong the blood circulation time of formulations. Furthermore, PSAR shows excellent resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion, allowing it to stabilize nanoparticles in the bloodstream and accumulate at cancerous sites within the body.